The World s Biggest Pc Programming - 1275 Words

William Bill Henry Gates III, born October 28, 1955, Seattle, Washington, American computer and information developer and business visionary who helped to establish, alongside Paul Allen, Microsoft, the world s biggest PC programming organization. Gates indicted his first programming system at 13 years old. In secondary school he profited structure a gathering of software engineers who modernized their school s payroll framework and established Traf-O-Data, an organization that sold activity tallying frameworks to neighborhood governments. In 1975 Gates, then a sophomore at Harvard, joined the place where he grew up companion Paul G. Allen to create programming for the first microcomputers. They started by habituating Essential, a prominent programming dialect used on gigantically huge machines, for utilization on microcomputers. With the flourishing of this undertaking, Gates left Harvard amid his lesser year and, with Allen, created Microsoft. Gates influence over the microcomputer industry enormously augmented when Microsoft authorized a working framework called MS-DOS to Universal Business Machines Partnership then the world s most cosmically huge machine supplier and industry pacesetter for utilization on its first microcomputer, the IBM PC. After the machine s discharge in 1981, IBM speedily set the specialized standard for the PC business, and MS-DOS moreover pushed out contending working frameworks. While Microsoft s autonomy strained cognations with IBM,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Bill Gates And Paul Allen1253 Words   |  6 Pagesterminals. All of their free time and little money were spent working in that high school terminal. The development that really instated everything in the business sense was when they read an article in 1971, in the business magazine regarding Intel s 4004 chip. Soon they both got access about the chip and decided that they both knew how to make the microprocessor better. Later that year the company Intel came up with an upgraded chip called the 8008. The cofounders of Microsoft then went and purchasedRead MoreMicrosoft : An Organization Of Extraordinary Influence And Wealth1725 Words   |  7 Pagesincomes of more than $32 billion, Microsoft Corporation is the biggest programming organization on the world. The organization s center business is focused around creating, assembling, and authorizing programming items, including working outlines, server applications, business and customer applications, and programming improvement instruments, and Internet programming, innovations, and administrations. Headed by Bill Gates, the world s wealthiest individual and most well-known specialist, MicrosoftRead MoreBusiness Technology And Research : Dell Inc.1389 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican exclusive multinational PC innovation organization situated in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that creates, offers, repairs, and backings PCs and related items and administrations. Epo nymously named after its originator, Michael Dell, the organization is one of the biggest mechanical companies on the planet, utilizing more than 103,300 individuals around the world. Dell offers (PCs), servers, information stockpiling gadgets, system switches, programming, PC peripherals, HDTVs cameras printersRead MoreApple Keeps On Pursuing The Pc1656 Words   |  7 Pages1- Apple keeps on pursuing the PC advertise however not as eagerly as in the prior years. It has picked to change headings a little by wandering into the music world through the showcasing of iPod, an advanced music player, and iTunes. The opening of 65 new retail outlets, incorporating one in Japan, has hastened its turn into this new world. Apple keeps on dealing with giving creative items to its clients yet advertising to, for example, little market has brought on a few issues. Its piece ofRead MoreCase Study : Ibm Vision / Mission Statement1364 Words   |  6 PagesIBM, is a US PC, innovation and IT directing partnership head quartered in New York. It is the world s greatest innovation association and the second most gainful by overall brand. IBM makes and offers PC equipment and programming (Hardware and Software); offers framework administrations, facilitating administrations, and counseling administrations in zones extending from centralized computer PCs to nanotechnology (Compa ny Profile for IBM, 2010). 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By offering its clients whole customization with the item on offer, Dell guarantees that clients are included in the picking of details, in this way making another stride in PC buy known as personalisation. The component has now been received by numerous other PC makers, yet at the same time remains Dell s essential way to deal with retailing. Dell turned into the main PC Vendor of the world in 2001. A standout amongstRead MoreBill Gates s Speech And History Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Washington regent and head of the international road. At the age of thirteen, and Bill Gates, who began to show an interest in the field of computer programming. Bill Gates became a student at Harvard University in 1973. At the university, he met Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft. Bill Gates started writing a simple programming language on the computer MITS Altair little while in college. Young teen, Paul Allen and Bill Gates runs a small company called Traf-O- data and sells Seattle teamRead MoreThe Insurgency Of Innovative Gadgets Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pageserrands as well as fundamentally more effective. It was the iPad. (Ritchi) Amid the keynote at that day, and as indicated by Steve Jobs, Apple is a Cell phones Company, alluding to iPad and iPhone as well as toMacBook s, as well. He guarded Apple by saying that it is the biggest cell phones organization contrasting with Nokia, Samsung, and Sony. He contended Apple adversaries who demanded that this organization ought to make a note pad in light of the fact that the MacBook Air, which had been presentedRead MoreBill Gates : The World s Prime Software Business1606 Words   |  7 Pagesstarted showing curiosity in computer programming when he was at Lakeside school and pursued his passion through college. Striking out on his own with his friend and business partner Paul Allen, Gates found himself at the right place at the right time. Through technological modernization, strong business strategy and aggressive business tactics, he built the world s prime software business, Microsoft. In the process, Gates became one of the richest men in the world. They develo ped Traf-o-Data, a computer

Shareholders Equity Evaluation Of Personal Finances

Stockholder’s Equity A. Initial Financial Start Opening a franchise requires extensive financial planning through the evaluation of personal finances compared to vital start-up costs. No two franchises incur the same start-up costs, so having a substantial amount of capital available from the beginning is crucial. Franchise costs stem from the desire to open a franchise and the associated target industry. Franchises within the fast food segmentation require food inventory while franchises in the pet care segmentation require pet supply inventory. As a result, franchise entry fees range anywhere from $5,000 to over $5 million. Besides entry fees, franchise owners are required to pay administrative fees for legal and accounting services to†¦show more content†¦Sam Walton leased a location for his Ben Franklin Variety Store in Newport, Arkansas after securing a $20,000 loan from his father-in-law. With Walton’s keen business strategies and ingenuity, his first franchise achieved great success. People who recognized su ccess tried to seize the opportunity to take the franchise off Walton’s hands, with one such individual being his property landlord. After declining his landlord’s proposal; the property lease was withdrawn, and the Ben Franklin Variety Store closed its doors for good. However, the doors on Walton’s dream were still wide open, and he was ready for a new opportunity (Herman 2016) (Sam Walton-Bargain Basement Billionaire 2016) (The Rise of Walmart 2016) The following two decades were best described as the â€Å"baby boom† of franchising. It was the beginning of the Interstate Highway System during President Eisenhower’s term in office that helped increase the interest in franchising. Franchises we all know and love today; like Wendy’s, Dunkin Donuts, Holiday Inn, Dairy Queen, and HR all got their start during the 50s. Walton seized the opportunity to take on a new franchise with the leftover profits from the Ben Franklin Variety Store to open the Walton’s Five Dime in Bentonville, Arkansas. After marketing the new franchise as individualistic commodity along with his other idealistic methods, the store’s success was imminent. The remainder

Industry Policies and Commitments on Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Discuss about the Industry Policies and Commitments on Marketing. Answer: Introduction The rising wave of globalisation in the present world is due to rapid advancement in technology, readily available information, and standardisation, innovation in managerial and operational activities of business, and sophisticated distribution methods and channels (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 2011). In the last decade, many large and medium sized organisations have undergone both organic and inorganic expansion and have gone global (DeBacker et al. 2015). Globalisation is associated with many benefits but also brings forth various challenges. One of the many challenges includes cultural differences that hamper the business negotiations between the units performing internationally (Wach 2015). The cultural differences create barriers in communications due to different languages (Parsons and Wilkinson 2015). Technological innovation is the other major challenge for globalisation (Parsons and Wilkinson 2015). In order to establish a business overseas it must meet the technological s tandards of the chosen country else it will fail to attract the customer or gain competitive advantage. Hence, the management is responsible to understand the cultural differences and develop strategies that are acceptable in different cultures. The essay discusses in details about the four cultural influences that influence an organisation operating overseas. It further discusses how technology has changed the landscape for organisations operating overseas. For discussing the above subject, the essay focuses on Woolworths limited as an example. It is an Australian based company, which is also operating overseas. A literature review is performed to support the facts used in the essay. Woolworths limited is the giant retail company in Australia (Arli et al. 2013). The company is made of number of businesses and it provides its customers with range, value, quality, and everyday low prices. It is the leader in market grocery sale and is one of the biggest food retailers in Australia. The mission of the organisation is to provide its customers with best shopping experience each and every time. It aims to provide customers with good quality merchandise at cheaper prices. Its corporate objective is to have improved profits on shareholders funds (Trevena et al. 2015). This Australian Based company has its head office in Sydney. It has more than 3000 stores, hotels and petrol sites in Australia and New Zealand. The company is also involved in joint retail venture with the Tata Group in India (Minnema et al. 2016). The major brands of Woolworths limited are Safeway, Dick Smith, Dan Murphy's, Thomas Dux, Woolworths Petrol, Countdown (NZ), Foodtown (NZ), Fresh Choice (NZ), S uperValue (NZ), and Dick Smith (Mialon et al. 2016). The company has annual sales of more than fifty billion dollars and has been recognised to be one of the major contributors of the Australias economic output (Charlton et al. 2015). The company has been major source of employment for the people in Australia with more than 168,000 employees. It has employed 50,000 workers from the rural and the regional areas. It has nearly two lakh members working in stores across Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Shanghai and India (Parsons and Wilkinson 2015). Cultural influences on business operating overseas Overseas business not only deals cross borders but also cross cultures. Culture has profound influence on how people think, communicate and act. It also effects their transactions and negotiations (Stahl and Tung 2015). When taking a business at international level, it is not feasible to stick to the current business conducting methods. Establishing a business offshore must consider set of new variables such as rules and regulations, different currency, taxation, different holiday periods. The most important consideration is culture. The concept of culture is presented in different ways by different authors. According to Ferraro and Brody (2015), the term culture refers to collective programming of minds that differentiates the members of a human group from another. According to Leung and Morris (2015) differences in culture creates communication barrier between the business executives. For example the difference in culture between the manager of Woolworths Australia and the New Zeal and division can create barriers that impede the negotiation process. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, (2011) argued that there is a great diversity in different cultures in the world. It is difficult for a negotiator irrespective of high skills and experience to fully understand all the cultures that are encountered (Stahl and Tung 2015). Both Australia and New Zealand has three main things in common. British have created the urban societies in both countries and were built on the invasion of a population that did not live in cites. In both the countries the migrants constitute 20% of the population and both countries are in same part of the world. However, despite commonalities the cultural differences between both countries is due to environmental and historical factors (Parsons and Wilkinson 2015). As per Hofstede analysis Charlton et al. (2015) there is more components to culture than just language and religion. The nature and values of society are reflected in the language. Firstly discussing about language, both in Australia and New Zealand there is a different version of English. People in New Zealand do not pronounce I sounds for example they pronounce chups instead of chips. The difference in male and female pronunciation is the feature of Australian English. On the other hand, in New Zealand the diagnostic vowels are pronounced in same fashion by both males and females. New Zealanders does not use idiomatic expression, rhyming slang, or profanity to the same extent as Australians (Parsons and Wilkinson 2015). On the other hand people greet Namaste folding their hands even in business meetings but in New Zealand people only shake hands (Carroll et al. 2015). The linguistic ties in business give competitive advantages. Business transactions are effected due to lack of abil ity to communicate by managers. It in turn effects the interpersonal relations as misunderstanding can end a negotiation between buyers and sellers including delivery dates, price, mode of payment, and shipping methods (Luiten et al. 2016). When buying office in Hong Kong, Woolworth needed interpreters to interpret the Australian regulatory legislations for manufacturers in China and the suppliers. It was necessary because there are different product safety regulations in different states and territories (Roux 2016). According to Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (2011) Woolworth is burdened as it is mandatory to ensure compliance with the Commonwealth regulations and regulations in place in each State and Territory in which it operates. In addition, the chemicals too fall under the legal category. The food additives, natural toxicants, contaminates are regulated by the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (Sacks et al. 2015). The work culture-relationships greatly influence business at offshore. The relationship between employee and boss are different in India and Australia (Ferraro and Brody 2015). Unlike, Australia, there is a lack of cordial relationship between the employees and the boss in India. Meetings and business transactions are held in more formal manner in India and thus has high power distance. It greatly affects smooth running of business for Australian based companies as it is difficult to accustom to this culture (Leung and Morris 2015). The factor including being on time, keeping promises and delivering results is absent. India does not value time. There are often delays in the business transactions and negotiations. In Hong Kong and New Zealand the business negotiations occur faster than in India. This may affect the productivity and business efficiency of Woolworths. On the contrary, in New Zealand, punctuality is a part of culture. Not only business events even the social events start on time. The business productivity of Woolworths is high in New Zealand compared to Hong Kong, India and Shanghai (Roux 2016). India is more corrupt compared to any other countries. Therefore, Woolworth in India may suffer huge financial loss owing to its high level of corruption among public officials and politicians (Mathew et al. 2013). Business are materialised and in general are established based on the trust and mutual respect (Stahl and Tung 2015). Therefore, it takes long time to trust and build partnership for Woolworth in India. Unlike India, Australia has equal opportunity employment in business. The employees have more sense of respect and appreciation towards the Australian employers. The employees in Woolworth experiences laid back attitude (Mathew et al. 2013). Employees are appreciated for their hidden skills in New Zealand. However, in India, the views and opinions of employees are not considered. Further, employees need high level of motivation. Due to higher level of bribery for promotions and jobs the true skills are always unrecognised in India and is difficult to motivate taff through increments (Minnema et al. 2016). In addition, the relationship between the job and the level of pay is strong in Australia but not in India (Warner 2014). The employees in India are of corrupt minds and thus they want to earn more with little efforts, which is not beneficial for the company (Arli et al. 2013). The Indian employees tend to be judgemental owing to its traditional perception of gender, colour, caste, and sexual orientation. Moreover, employees in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and India can be recruited for cheaper price which is an added advantage for Woolworths (Wei et al. 2015). India is a religious country and the individual aspect of the Indian society is dominated by religion and philosophy. Religion greatly affects the business activities offshore. Therefore, different marketing strategy is to be implemented in India. The marketing strategy applied by Woolworth in Australia and New Zealand will not attract the customers India. For example in India, owl is considered unlucky or ill omen. Therefore, using owl in advertisements is called as culturally incompatible marketing (Charlton et al. 2015). Similarly, in Shanghai or Hong Kong animals are considered as lower forms of life (Warner 2014). Therefore, such marketing may lead to poor image of the company. India, cows and buffaloes are worshipped considering them as God. Therefore, it is restricted to sell mutton birds, fowl, wild pork, and fat lamb in India which might affect Woolworth negatively (Carroll et al. 2015). On the other hand, these are the main part of Maori cuisine in New Zealand and are prefe rred in Hong Kong and Shanghai (Wei et al. 2015). Due to increasing health consciousness there is a greater preference for green vegetables and other seasonal fruits and products in various states of world. Therefore, the selling of products vary with changing demands of the customers in different countries (Carroll et al. 2015). According to Arli et al. (2013) Woolworth is holding a dominant position in Australia, it seems to have strong appeal for growing overseas. However, it needs to defend against criticism as Wal-Mart is doing in America. Technological influences on business operating overseas Technology affects every part of our lives. It is possible to communicate with people living overseas with few clicks. This technological advancement has changed the face and pace of business. Technology has opened new ways for business to collaborate and communicate beyond borders (Chesbrough 2013). Adopting the latest technology has made marketing easier. Woolworth could establish its virtual business offshore through Facebook and other websites. It helped it to promote its online business. According to Dunning (2013), E-mail communication have replaced the faxes, phone calls, and written memos. Smartphones with the power of internet has resulted in quick business transactions and negotiations. It is easy to store files, important business documents, and cloud computing system instead of using PCs making quick access of information. Woolworth has adopted the latest technology, which has helped it to create geographically apart teams, which are still working like single unified orga nisations. The organisation has simplified its business process and has thus gained greater productivity (Beh et al. 2016). Woolworth was not as efficient as other giant retail companies such as Tesco or Wal-Mart in implementing cloud computing. Therefore, it could not gain competitive advantage over the rivals. Mialon et al. (2016) argued that in the last decade Woolworth has become more responsive to the customers by reducing the cost and increasing its scalability and flexibility (Johnston and Marshall 2016). In addition, it well connected to its customers using the Social media platforms such as Instagram, Twittter, and LinkedIn. Woolworth has generated new revenue stream in Hong Kong and Shanghai after establishing strong foot in New Zealand. The strategy it has applied is to stay relevant in customers mind through social media (Dunning 2013). It also indulges in solving customer issues in business interactions. As per Beh et al. (2016) the adoption of Electronic Commerce or EC technology has substantial potential to foster the business growth. The quantitative analysis by Chesbrough (2013) showed th at there are several challenges while adopting EC. The nature of EC is very complex due to which the challenges are not addressed. The quantitative analysis on EC adoption by Woolworth showed that this step was influenced by industry, organisational, and environmental pressure (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Arli et al. (2013) commented that EC adoption was one of the most outstanding market strategies of Woolworth as it was successful in satisfying the customers requirement on quality of product, its prices and diversification in New Zealand just as it did in Australia. Both in New Zealand and in Hong Kong Woolworth has ensured its product image as The fresh food for people. This food website incorporates personalised meal planning features. This website also offers its consumers with more than 2000 recipes and tips from nutritionists. This helped in earning greater value for its products such as on-time delivery, Superior convenience, website security and exchange or return policies (Ahmed 2016). It is the strongest aspect for Woolworth compared to its competitors Aldi and Cole. Though Woolworth was successful in New Zealand with significant expenses spent on the rapid technological growth, it failed in Hong Kong initially due to low flexibility in meeting consumer demand (Dunning 2013). Eventually, Woolworth learned to estimate its ability appropriately. Hence, it slowly grew by learning and appreciating its customer interactions. It initially attracted the niche market such as shoppers who are time savers and later focused on the traditional online shoppers. Woolworth focuses on advertising campaigns for online shopping particularly emphasising on enjoyment of shopping and convenience and not on perceived risks (Ahmed 2016). The information on convenience includes facility to shop from anywhere irrespective of time and save huge time and energy (Santos et al. 2015). The elements incorporated by Woolworth to retain customers for online shopping include events, design of products and emotion atmosphere experienced during web browsing. Trust element is the ma jor factor for its success in E-commerce as it could meet their safety concerns such as misuse of private consumer data by hacking, and other online scams. The real direct marketing opportunities for the overseas companies are signified by increasing acceptance of e-mail, which has become the major source of interpersonal communication (Dunning 2013). Other Sophisticated intermediaries adopts software applications to track user behaviour and store user preferences for making important recommendations to customers. In case of Woolworth, adopting EC has reduced the cost of product handling thereby reducing the product prices. This helped to flourish its market overseas (Arli et al. 2013). Therefore, information technology has played great role in effecting the scale and nature of retailing. Technology has changed the landscape for organisations operating overseas. Conclusion The report has discussed the cultural influences effecting the business operations of Woolworths outside Australia. When an organisation is operating overseas and is performing in few different cultures, it is necessary to bridge the gap. It is due to these cultural influences that Woolworths could not establish itself in countries like India and gain a competitive advantage. It should focus on the mature markets and dispose towards emerging markets such as Tesco or Wal-mart (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 2011). It is recommended that Woolworth should aim to secure a foothold instead of trading the stores in the long-term. It can later build a larger hyper-market. In order to emerge as number one or two in Hong Kong, Sanghai, and India it must develop strategies to overcome the cultural influences. It must establish itself in markets that have similar culture as Australia or with fewer cultural differences. The rationale for retaining it operating presence in these underdeveloped co untries is to develop important insights into the competitive behavioural dynamics of the well established retail businesses. The small presence would help Woolworth to implement acquisition strategy by securing necessary networks into foreign retailers considering the issues of the family owned chains (Parsons and Wilkinson 2015). It can be concluded that technology is changing rapidly for organisations. The vital mechanism for organisation operating overseas is to adopt latest technology. In the world of globalisation, it is certainly true. References Ahmed, F., 2016. Online grocery shopping in Jyvskyl: Business models Demand. Arli, V., Dylke, S., Burgess, R., Campus, R. and Soldo, E., 2013. Woolworths Australia and Walmart US: Best practices in supply chain collaboration.Journal of Economics, Business Accountancy Ventura,16(1). Beh, L.S., Ghobadian, A., He, Q., Gallear, D. and O'Regan, N., 2016. Second-life retailing: a reverse supply chain perspective.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,21(2), pp.259-272. Carroll, E.L., Baker, C.S., Watson, M., Alderman, R., Bannister, J., Gaggiotti, O.E., Grcke, D.R., Patenaude, N. and Harcourt, R., 2015. Cultural traditions across a migratory network shape the genetic structure of southern right whales around Australia and New Zealand.Scientific reports,5, p.16182. Charlton, E.L., Khknen, L.A., Sacks, G. and Cameron, A.J., 2015. Supermarkets and unhealthy food marketing: An international comparison of the content of supermarket catalogues/circulars.Preventive medicine,81, pp.168-173. Chesbrough, H., 2013.Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. DeBacker, J., Heim, B.T. and Tran, A., 2015. Importing corruption culture from overseas: Evidence from corporate tax evasion in the United States.Journal of Financial Economics,117(1), pp.122-138. Dunning, J.H., 2013.Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business)(Vol. 13). Routledge. Ferraro, G. and Brody, E.K., 2015.Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Leung, K. and Morris, M.W., 2015. Values, schemas, and norms in the culturebehavior nexus: A situated dynamics framework.Journal of International Business Studies,46(9), pp.1028-1050. Luiten, C.M., Steenhuis, I.H., Eyles, H., Mhurchu, C.N. and Waterlander, W.E., 2016. Ultra-processed foods have the worst nutrient profile, yet they are the most available packaged products in a sample of New Zealand supermarkets.Public health nutrition,19(03), pp.530-538. Mathew, T.C., Hicks, R.E. and Bahr, M., 2013. Work motivation, personality, and culture: Comparing Australia and India.Copyright 2013 International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology ISBN: 978-0-9845627-3-2, p.204. Mialon, M., Swinburn, B., Allender, S. and Sacks, G., 2016. Systematic examination of publicly-available information reveals the diverse and extensive corporate political activity of the food industry in Australia.BMC public health,16(1), p.283. Minnema, A., Bijmolt, T.H. and Non, M.C., 2016. The impact of instant reward programs and bonus premiums on consumer purchase behavior.International Journal of Research in Marketing. Parsons, A. and Wilkinson, M.H., 2015. Retailing in New Zealand: Where Are We and Where To Next?. InEuropean Retail Research(pp. 141-160). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Roux, M.C.R., 2016.Hong Kong High DensCity: merging urban scale with human scale(Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University Ottawa). Sacks, G., Mialon, M., Vandevijvere, S., Trevena, H., Snowdon, W., Crino, M. and Swinburn, B., 2015. Comparison of food industry policies and commitments on marketing to children and product (re) formulation in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji.Critical Public Health,25(3), pp.299-319. Santos, M.D., Svensson, G., Padin, C. and Hgevold, N.M., 2015. Corporate risk exposure by implementing sustainable business practices-an African case.International Journal of Logistics Economics and Globalisation,6(3), pp.223-235. Stahl, G.K. and Tung, R.L., 2015. Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship.Journal of International Business Studies,46(4), pp.391-414. Trevena, H., Neal, B., Dunford, E., Haskelberg, H. and Wu, J.H., 2015. A comparison of the sodium content of supermarket private-label and branded foods in Australia.Nutrients,7(8), pp.7027-7041. Trompenaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C., 2011.Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Wach, K., 2015. Impact of Cultural and Social Norms on Entrepreneurship in the EU: Cross-Country Evidence based on GEM Survey Results.Zarz?dzanie w Kulturze, (16 (1)), pp.15-29. Warner, M., 2014.Culture and management in Asia. Routledge. Wei, X., Li, H., Yang, N., Wong, S.Y., Owolabi, O., Xu, J., Shi, L., Tang, J., Li, D. and Griffiths, S.M., 2015. Comparing quality of public primary care between Hong Kong and Shanghai using validated patient assessment tools.PloS one,10(3), p.e0121269.

Life Development Theories

At the time Steve Jobs had been giving his commencement speech at Stanford University he was at the middle adulthood stage of the life development cycle. This stage begins at the age of 40 years and usually ends age at the age of 65. At the time Steve jobs had been giving this speech he had been 50 years old. At this stage, the major areas of conflict are generality versus stagnation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Life Development Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This stage is generally characterized by the fact that people want the best in their lives. This can be done by getting children and making other positive changes in their lives. At this stage, a successful person will feel accomplished and a failure will feel bad about all the wasted opportunities that he or she has had in their lifetime. This will result to the individual not associating with other people and keeping to themselves. The speec h that Steve Jobs gives is not entirely consistent with the stage of life he falls in. Steve jobs talks about some of the events in his life that have helped him in life. He looks back and marvels at the accomplishments and some of the failures in his life. This is consistent with the lifespan development stage which he falls into. However, Steve Jobs talks about death in length. He talks about how he was close to his death before a surgery saved his life. This is falls in the late adulthood stage which normally occurs from the age of 65. Steve Jobs in his speech talks about some the events that have helped him develop over the years. He tells three stories. The first one is about joining the dots. In this story, he recalls of how his real and adopted parents wanted him to go to college. However, when he finally got there he dropped out since he did not see the use of spending all of his parent’s savings in college. He dropped out and was now able to attend the classes that h e really liked. He recalls how he attended a topography class at some point after he had dropped off college. He learnt a lot from this topography class but did not really know where he would apply some of the things he had learnt in his personal life. He was now able to connect the dots. This is because after some years while designing an operating system he was able to apply what he had learnt in that topography class years ago. He concludes that human beings can only connect the dots looking forward and not backwards.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second story was about love and lust. In this story, he recalls how he together with a friend had founded Apple. However, after some years he was fired from Apple, a company that he had co-founded. This did not stop him from doing what he liked most and went on form two other successful companies. One of companies was bought by App le and as a result he returned to Apple. It was at this time that he went on to find the love of his life. In the third story, he talks about death. He recalls how thinking about death had been helping him make important decisions in life. He also recalls of how he had been diagnosed with cancer. Initially, the doctor had told him that he would only live for a few months as the cancer he had been suffering from was incurable. However, after going through some scans days later, the doctors determined that the type of cancer he had been diagnosed with was treatable through surgery. He went through the surgery and at the time he was giving his speech he hoped to live a decade longer. He highlights the importance of death and how it changed his life. References Austrian, S. G. (2008). Developmental theories through the life cycle (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Neukrug, E. (2012). The World of the counselor: an introduction to the counseling profession (4th ed.). Austral ia: Brooks/Cole. This essay on Life Development Theories was written and submitted by user BruceBanner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Securing Your Organization’s Future essay

buy custom Securing Your Organization’s Future essay In your own words, what is an organizations mission? An organizations mission is a statement that describes a companys own purpose. The companys mission is used to set goals and objectives of the company; thus, it can be said to be a motivating factor that sets the goals and direction at a company. Normally it gives a description of why a company exists. Mission statements are short and memorable, describing in a short sentence just what a company needs to achieve; it sets the companys goals (Seltzer, 2001). Strong mission must consider the needs of the client, and outline the methods of achieving these goals. Missions are usually set to provide value for money to the companys clients. However, a business must make a profit; to achieve this, the company must strike a balance between the customers needs and the corporate ones. Lastly, mission statements give reasons for an organizations existence. Is it different from the organizations vision? Missions and visions are mandatory for any organization eyeing success since they define or describe the goals that a certain company has set to achieve. However, an organizations vision is different in that it serves as the framework for the mission statement and gives a guideline on every aspect of the business. While a companys mission works on weighing actions and decisions, a vision works towards implementing what the mission has to offer (Seltzer, 2001). Differences d exist, distinguishing mission statement from a vision statement. The mission statement is focused on the present welfare while the vision is concerned about the future. It describes what a company needs to accomplish for it to maintain sustainability and quality growth. A vision ensures that a given company is a delightful place where people get inspiration to work. How does the mission affect the way an organization operates? An organizations mission defines an organizations purpose. It is a unique statement; it identifies a company and its employees; it provides a sense of belonging and pride to the companys staff. The purpose of its existence is to unite the human resource of a company and to direct the people towards achieving the goals. A mission ensures that a company has relevant existence, and it has direction (Seltzer, 2001). It also ensures that people meet deadlines hence they will not rally behind their competitors. Thus, it is evident that a mission statement is critical to the operations of a company; by defining the purpose and direction of a company, setting goals, and giving the employees a sense of belonging and pride, it produces an amicable environment within the organization. This facilitates the accomplishment of the organizations operations. What components do you consider being critical for an organizations mission? The mission statements main goal is to give the direction or a success path to a company. It outlines nummerous goals and activities to be undertaken in order to be successful. Therefore, a mission statement is a critical component of an organization and needs to be well designed and to include various critical components. Mission statements vary in length, format, content, and specificity; however, most strategic managers and educators believe that an excellent mission statement should include nine critical components. A mission statement should outline the customers of an enterprise, the products, or services produced by the company, and the markets, which the company operates in; this is critical for the company to know its competitors and to develop appropriate strategies to counter competition (Seltzer, 2001). Furthermore, the mission statement should state the companys philosophy, that is, the major beliefs, values, and aspirations of the company, the self-concept, which includ es the firms weaknesses and strengths, and the competitive advantage of the firm. The world is always changing, and firms are adapting new methods of production; therefore, the mission should outline the firms basic technology. Lastly, the mission statement should portray the companys concern for survival, growth, and profitability; concern for public image; and concern for its employees (Seltzer, 2001). These components are together designed to ensure the success of a company. Do some quick research and find an example of a company's mission statement. An example of a Mission statement for a restaurant is Great Meals, Great Efforts. Buy custom Securing Your Organization’s Future essay

How to Write a Lead Paragraph

How to Write a Lead Paragraph How to Write a Lead Paragraph How to Write a Lead Paragraph By Mark Nichol Absent or in spite of a photograph or other visual information, the headline is the first thing most readers notice. But even the most captivating headline has to be followed by a lead paragraph (known in journalistic jargon as a lede) that convinces the reader that the article is worth reading. What’s the function of a lede? (The odd spelling supposedly derives from the tradition of distinguishing the noun lead or the adjectival form in â€Å"lead paragraph† from the homonym lead, as in â€Å"lead type.†) An article is a story, and the lede is the pitch to woo the reader. But that analogy is of dubious use if your storytelling overtures are along the lines of â€Å"Let me tell you about this crazy thing that happened to me today† no more useful than clearing your throat or shuffling papers before you give a speech. In person, your audience might patiently and politely await your account, but readers, knowing you’re not there to have your feelings hurt, will likely not hesitate to move on. But what if you cut to the chase and said, â€Å"A guy pulled a gun on me today†? Your audience will almost certainly invest some time and effort into hearing what comes next. By the same token, a lede must be constructed to attract attention. What content, exactly, goes into a lede? The first paragraph of an article provides the main points without digressing into details; those can follow in subsequent paragraphs. A lede tells the reader something interesting and/or newsworthy, providing context and perspective. Ideally, it speaks to the reader’s curiosity, and perhaps their desires or fears. It might introduce conflict or controversy. The traditional lede for a news article includes what journalists call the 5 Ws (and sometimes an H thrown in for good measure): This term is shorthand for who, what, when, where, and why (plus how). Of course, a lede that includes all five (or six) elements is usually overstuffed; it’s better to focus only a couple or at most a few of these. (One of the most celebrated newspaper-article ledes, in reference to a man who was shot and killed because he attacked a fast-food worker over an order of fried chicken, tells you only who and what and is reticent about the what: â€Å"Gary Robinson died hungry.†) The challenge to writing a good lede is achieving both specificity and brevity. To be specific, remember who and its friends. Pick one, or another question, to answer, and wrap the lede around it. To accomplish brevity (ideally, a lede should consist of less than thirty words), choose strong, vivid nouns and verbs, eschew verbosity and redundancy, and make every word count. To test the lede, read it aloud, and omit adjectives, adverbs, and wordy constructions and, especially in these search-engine-driven times, focus on keywords. To craft an effective lede, avoiding writing what readers already know and telling readers what you’re going to tell them. Keep to one point, and avoid attribution and specific numbers (an exception to the specificity rule). Think of the lede as an elevator speech the proverbial opportunity to sell your story to a movie producer or book publisher with a brief pitch during the interval the two of you share an elevator ride. This is your chance; take it. What if you just can’t put a lede together? Write a placeholder sentence, and come back to it later after you’ve completed the rest of the article the result may show you the way. You might also think about potential ledes before you even begin to report or research, or during the process. You may not end up using anything you come up with at that stage, but it will get you thinking. Also, keep in mind that the traditional journalistic lede isn’t the only way to go. Besides the summary form, there’s also the anecdotal lede, the question, the quotation, and the direct approach or a combination of forms. Remember â€Å"A guy pulled a gun on me today†? Though the question, quotation, and direct forms are challenging to pull off, the anecdotal form, a hallmark of what is called narrative journalism or narrative nonfiction, is increasingly popular and often intuitively constructed. Here’s the lede to a true first-person story I might write: â€Å"I had always wondered how I would react if someone pulled a gun on me. Today, I found out.† Would you like to read more? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

Creative and media strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Creative and media strategy - Essay Example Each of the topics has been focused in the means of communication and data related to the media. Advertising is one of the effective means and the most desired action taken by the marketers to attract the customers. For an effective advertisement, creativity is very much essential, advertisements is all about creativity. Creativity also requires planning, the need to advertise, and the marketing and promotion objectives. Today the marketers are trying to capture the minds of the customers by creating an emotional appeal. The marketers are using the techniques of emotional appeal which have succeeded and customers have become more brand conscious. In the second part of the project report under the heading campaign development, an advertisement has been chosen from the Coca Cola company where the advertisements also tends to apply the technique of emotional appeal to attract the customers. Section A Section A deals with two topics one concerned with radio as a multi media opportunity a nd secondly on media-multiplier and simultaneous consumption of media. The brand which is chosen for radio is Pringles crisps. This section would deal with the opportunities that exist in connection with the radio and for a better understanding, one of the radio station of UK would be analysed. And in case of simultaneous use of media a term known as media stacking has been explained and it has been said that the simultaneous use of media has been proving to be an advantage for the people as well as for the marketers. Radio as a multi-media opportunity Pringles crisps are considering the use of radio for the next campaign. Pringles a brand of Procter and Gamble (Pringles, 2011) have decided to introduce radio as a means of communication in their new campaign in UK. For an effective media it is necessary to target the right audience and the right means of communication. It has been rightly said that novelty is the key to an effective advertising. Novelty in media, message, product, t arget segment and especially in the fields of creativity is more likely to increase the sale. Another factor that would lead to success is the emotional advertisements which are more likely to appeal more to the customers. Emotional appeal is the most effective means in advertising (Tellis, 2004, p.22-23). The form of communication chosen by Pringles is radio. Radio may seem to be the least glamorous of media but the reality is that radio has been an important part of the media and forms an integral part in the media plans. Radio has some of the unique features and because of its qualities the advertisers are investing about $7billion per year in radio advertising in order to reach the local and national audience (O'Guinn, et.al, 2011, p. 485). Therefore the opportunities lies with the radio station and its audience is wide and with the help of new digital aspect, the marketers are more widely using radio as means of communication. Pringles thus have adopted the new and most famous tools of media which is radio. There are different radio options available to an advertiser to reach its target audiences. The advertisers can choose from the categories such as syndication, networks, satellite, AM versus FM and through internet and mobile. The advertisers can choose from the options and communicate the message accordingly. In Syndication, the radio provides complete programs to stations on

Reasons why Immigrants Fail to Learn English Essay

Reasons why Immigrants Fail to Learn English - Essay Example Some take shorter time to understand than others, while others really have a hard time even grasping basic terminologies. From the onset, it is the teacher who initiates all communication and this can be a very frustrating experience. Obviously, at the start not all the students have equal mastery over the English language. Some will take a bit longer to grasp the introductory advances. To this effect, new teachers are usually barely well – equipped to handle multi – cultural students at once. No matter how many languages the teachers know and speak, there is always the chance that some student will come in whose language the teacher has not grasped. Furthermore, most teachers invest in learning mainstream foreign languages only e.g. French, German and Spanish. So when a Hindu speaking student joins the class for example, the teacher has to reanalyze his / her initial approach to teaching. Even after the basic salutations and pleasantries have been mastered by the stude nts, the accent issue still dominates the learning environment. In some instances the teacher has to repeat the words severally before the students can grasp the pronunciation. Another problem that teachers encounter is dealing with the students’ varying motivation during the lessons. Naturally, the students will have enrolled due to different ambitions. While some undergo the lessons as a compulsory requirement, others enroll just for the sake of familiarizing themselves with a foreign language (in this case, English). In such a scenario, not all students will have the same level of motivation as the lesson proceeds. Shifting focus to the immigrants, most of them portray some reluctance to apply themselves to the learning process when they encounter the initial difficulty in familiarizing with the English language. One would notice some subtle resistance to learning the language. Then again there is the erosion of English in the United States. Dominance of slang confuses the foreign students. In the classroom, the students are taught one thing. When they step out into the street, they hear something entirely different. At some point the students will be bound to get disillusioned. With the language itself, English has very many idioms and other figurative styles of language. Expecting the students to apply and relate to such linguistic features when they are barely grasping the basic language is an uphill task. English literature has a heavy influence in the curriculum and therefore students are expected to familiarize themselves with hundreds of classic literary pieces during learning. They end up complicating matters and students have a hard time registering what they are taught. A student would find it hard to grasp the aspect of symbolism when he / she can barely distinguish between tenses. Rules of exception also act as obstacles to the learning process too. Foreign students take time to establish syntax, sentence structure and word order. Regiona l dialects in the United States also heavily affect the student’s mastery of the language. For instance, a student living in a Latino neighborhood will be affected by the dialect spoken in that area. Some immigrant students have a phobia for resident students because they feel inferior when their English is not as polished as their hosts. Chapter 2 Immigrants

Duke Ellington Essay Example for Free

Duke Ellington Essay Duke Ellington was born on April 29, 1899 in Washington, D. C. Ellington was an influential American jazz composer, pianist, and bandleader. His popularity grew leaps and bounds after his death. The nickname ‘Duke’ was given to him by a childhood friend who admired his regal demeanour. The name caught on with audiences and he became famous for instrumental combinations, improvisation, and jazz. He started studying keyboard at the age of seven and by seventeen he had made a professional debut. His move to New York City in 1923 brought him one step closer to his worldwide success and recognition years later. Ellington and his band played for everyone from Queen Elizabeth II to President Nixon and teamed up with greats such as Miles Davis, Cab Calloway, Dizzy Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett and Louis Armstrong. His achievements include his honorary doctorate from Howard and Yale University. He was also a member of the American Institute of Arts and Letters. He was elected as the first jazz musician member of the Royal Music Academy in Stockholm and won and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in America. In addition to this, he was awarded the Legion of Honor by the French Government. He became one of the most well-known African-American celebrities of the twentieth century. While recording with record companies he also appeared in several films. Ellington also joined the Alpha Phi Alpha, the first black Greek letter fraternity. The suave and witty Ellington described his musical style as American music rather than just jazz. Some very impressive musicians served in his orchestra and remained with the organizations for many years. Although, many of them were noteworthy in their own right but it was Ellington’s creativity and musical brilliance that made them into one of the best orchestral units in the history of Jazz. Some of his major compositions include Mood Indigo, Sophisticated Lady, Satin Doll, Do Nothing Til You Hear From Me and I Let a Song Go Out Of My Heart. His music had the ability to change style, adapt and grow within each era. An example of this is The Hot Jazz of the 1920s which changed into the Swing music in the 1930s. This is one of the major reasons why the Ellington Orchestra was able to hold its own for so many years. When Jazz music became increasingly popular in America, Ellington spontaneously improvised his simple themes to more creative orchestration while uniquely combining tone quality. He innovated his music along the way by carefully attending to structure and balance within his jazz arrangements at the same time allowing for solo improvisations. He had an ability to create fresh sound by drawing instruments from different sections of the band and voicing them together as a unit. Piano players like James P. Johnson and Willie The Lion Smith influenced his incredible piano technique. He died on May, 24 1974, in New York City. Ellington will be forever remembered as an ambassador of American music and culture for his enormous contributions to American music. Jazz music could not have developed in America without Ellington’s efforts. His estimated two thousand compositions, arrangements, and collaborations continue to move people worldwide. WORKS CITED: †¢ â€Å"Duke Ellington. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Feb 2007, 21:16 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 7 Feb 2007 http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Duke_Ellingtonoldid=106404877. †¢ â€Å"Edward K. (Duke) Ellington†. G. Shimmer Inc. April 2002. http://www. schirmer. com/default. aspx? TabId=2419State_2872=2ComposerId_2872=2311 †¢ â€Å"A Centennial Tribute to Duke Ellington†. Howard University Library. 28 June 1999. http://www. founders. howard. edu/ellington/default. htm

Free Hamlet Essays: Essay on Hamlet the Hero :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet the Hero There are various ways to define a hero. There is an endless amount of people who are heroes. A hero can be, "one who exhibits courage and/or daring," a hero can be, "one who is supremely noble or self-sacrificing," a hero can be a champion or a winner. A hero can save the day, or even save your life. A hero can be that normal person you see just walking down the street. According to either of these definitions, Prince Hamlet can definitely be identified as a hero. For his words and actions, clearly exhibit such label, and give one the right and reason to say so. "But two months dead-- †¦my poor father’s body†¦why she married with my uncle, My father’s brother, but no more like my father†¦Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears†¦But break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue" Hamlet painfully moans to himself. It is clear at the beginning of the play that Hamlet was suffering—emotionally. It hurt him to see his mother marry so soon after his father’s death and Hamlet felt alone since no one else seemed to feel his pain and be mourning with him. It’s safe to conclude that Hamlet had a commendable and upright relationship with his father whom he admired. Unless one was not as courageous or as confident as Hamlet, we would’ve complained and tried to ruin the marriage. Prince Hamlet on the other hand, showed heroic skills by putting others first. He kept his pain to himself and didn’t want to cause any difficulties with the townspeople or family. He shows this self-sacrifice ability once again when King Claudius tried to convince him to stay at home, rather than going away to school. He says "You are most immediate to our throne†¦For your intent In going back to school in Wittenberg, It is most retrograde to our desire, And we beseech you, bend you to remain Here in the cheer and comfort of our eye." Queen Gertrude reinforces that request when she said, "Let not thy mother lose her prayers, Hamlet. I pray thee, stay with us. Go not to Wittenberg." Even though the young Prince Hamlet felt more at home and comfortable with his friends at school in Wittenberg, he respectfully replied, "I shall in all my best obey you, madam." "Lady, shall I lie in your lap†¦I mean, my head upon your lap†¦That’s a fair thought to lie between a maids’ legs" Hamlet outrageously says to Ophelia, as he was anxiously awaiting for the play to finally begin.

John Mill and Immanuel Kant Essay

The following is a conceptual paper that I have written to address the following questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is enlightenment for Kant? What is the public use of reason? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Mill, how do people develop understandings of the world? Do most people have sound understandings? Question 1 Kant observed that: â€Å"If it is now asked: â€Å"Do we presently live in an enlightened age?† the answer is, â€Å"No, but we do live in an age of enlightenment.† (Kant, p.4) So, Kant characterized the state of society and separate individuals as imperfect, and pointed, that Enlightenment is a long-lasting process. Kant explained Enlightenment as â€Å"man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity† (Kant, p.1). Such immaturity for him meant inability to use own reason and to â€Å"think with own head†. The basic characteristic of immaturity is that it is caused not by lack of understanding or ability, but by lack of will and desire to think. Under Kant’s teaching, most of the individuals would rather prefer to rely on other’s understanding, than on their own. So, they gladly follow orders of teacher’s, priests and government authorities (Kant, p. 2).   So, Kant believed, that the purpose of Enlightenment was to tech people think for themselves. Kant separated that, what he called â€Å"private use of reason† from that what he called â€Å"public use of reason†.   Generally, public use of reason is defined as ability to think and argue reasonably before authorities. The situation of public use of reason may be potentially unpleasant or even dangerous for an individual, however, an enlightened person should not be afraid to think rationally and reject unfounded claims of, for example, taxman or pastor. Those latter in turn are to apply private reason – ability to think rationally, attributable to persons, filling public positions (Kant, p.3). Under Kant, in case most of the individuals in a particular society are able to apply both public and private reason, such society may be considered as enlightened. Question 2 According to Mill, only one person out of hundred is able to judge a fact, in case it is not obvious, and even this one, who is able to judge, possesses only comparative abilities for the matter (Mill, p.2). Existing opinions of those, who are relatively able to think, are influenced by historic development of people’s understanding. Mill notes the following contradiction: humans aim to think rationally, but the rationality of their affairs and conduct remains in desperate conditions. Therefore, human acts and opinions need to be corrected, taking into account experience, and being proved by discussion. Experience alone may appear to be vague, due to false application in previous cases. Therefore, discussion becomes a tool for investigation of experience and reduction of probability of misuse (Mill, p.3). Another function of discussion is providing broader approach to a particular problem. Under Mill, even the wisest person can never obtain complete understanding of the subject, without hearing opinions of the others, and examining a variety of ideas about the matter. A feature of a wise man is an ability and readiness to take even contradictory points of view into account, in spite of avoiding them (Mill, p.5). Mill believed, that his society restricted necessary discussion, because people were not really sure about their beliefs and fearful to loose them, because loosing them means a necessity to change. And in order to avoid changes, society oppresses opinions by authority,   by refusal to hear, or by condemnation. The way out for Mill was mental well-being and education of humanity, combined with freedom of expressing opinions. An opinion should not only be proposed, but suffered by an individual, and this makes a particular opinion his own (Mill, p. 6).

Baer’s Comb Sorter

Baer’s Comb Sorter Diagram Fibre Length: The â€Å"length† of cotton fibres is a property of commercial value as the price is generally based on this character. To some extent it is true, as other factors being equal, longer cottons give better spinning performance than shorter ones. But the length of a cotton is an indefinite quantity, as the fibres, even in a small random bunch of a cotton, vary enormously in length. Following are the various measures of length in use in different countries Mean length:It is the estimated quantity which theoretically signifies the arithmetic mean of the length of all the fibres present in a small but representative sample of the cotton. This quantity can be an average according to either number or weight. Upper quartile length: It is that value of length for which 75% of all the observed values are lower, and 25% higher. Effective length: It is difficult to give a clear scientific definition. It may be defined as the upper quartile of a numerical length distribution liminated by an arbitrary construction. The fibres eliminated are shorter than half the effective length. Modal length: It is the most frequently occurring length of the fibres in the sample and it is related to mean and median for skew distributions, as exhibited by fibre length, in the follwing way.(Mode-Mean) = 3(Median-Mean) where, Median is the particular value of length above and below which exactly 50% of the fibres lie. 2. 5% Span length: It is defined as the distance spanned by 2. % of fibres in the specimen being tested when the fibres are parallelized and randomly distributed and where the initial starting point of the scanning in the test is considered 100%. This length is measured using â€Å"DIGITAL FIBROGRAPH†. 50% Span length: It is defined as the distance spanned by 50% of fibres in the specimen being tested when the fibres are parallelized and randomly distributed and where the initial starting point of the scanning in the te st is considered 100%. This length is measured using â€Å"DIGITAL FIBROGRAPH†.The South India Textile Research Association (SITRA) gives the following empirical relationships to estimate the Effective Length and Mean Length from the Span Lengths. Effective length = 1. 013 x 2. 5% Span length + 4. 39 Mean length = 1. 242 x 50% Span length + 9. 78 Baer’s Comb sorter Method: For the determination of the length and of the length distribution of cotton fibers in purified cotton the Baer’s Comb Sorter method: These directions describe the mode of procedure that is well adapted to the sorter* most extensively used in the United States at the present time.Apparatus— The sorter Duplex Cotton Fiber Sorter consists of two banks of combs rigidly mounted side by side on a common base. Each bank of combs consists of at least 12 individual combs spaced 3. 2 mm apart, one behind the other, and mounted in grooves so that as they are approached during the fractionating pr ocess and no longer needed, they may be dropped below the working plane. Each individual comb has a single row of accurately aligned and sharply pointed teeth, 12 mm long, consisting of needles 0. 38 mm in diameter. The teeth are spaced 62 to 25 mm over an extent of approximately 50 mm.Accessory equipment consists of fiber-sorter forceps, fiber-depressing grid, fiber-depressing smooth plate, and velvet-covered plates. The sorter forceps consist of two brass pieces approximately 75 mm long, hinged on one end and slightly curved to present a beaked aspect at the gripping end for gripping the protruding fibers close to the surfaces of the combs. Usually, one of the gripping edges has a leather or other fibrous padding. The gripping edge is approximately 19 mm wide. The fiber-depressing grid consists of a series of brass rods spaced 3. mm apart so that they may be placed between the combs to press the fibers down between the teeth. The fiber-depressing smooth plate consists of a polishe d brass plate approximately 25 ? 50 mm, with a knob or handle on the upper surface whereby the plate may be smoothed over the fibers as they are laid on the velvet surface of the array plates. The velvet-covered plates, upon which the fibers may be arrayed, are aluminum sheets approximately 100 mm ? 225 mm ? 2. 4 mm thick, covered on both sides with high-grade velvet, preferably black.Standard Atmosphere For Testing: The atmosphere in which physical tests on textile materials are performed. It has a relative humidity of 65 + 2 per cent and a temperature of 20 + 2 ° C. In tropical and sub-tropical countries, an alternative standard atmosphere for testing with a relative humidity of 65 + 2 per cent and a temperature of 27 + 2 ° C, may be used. Procedure With the fiber-depressing grid carefully insert the weighed test portion into one bank of combs of the cotton sorter, so that it extends across the combs at approximately right angles.With the sorter forceps, grip by the free ends a small portion of the fibers extending through the teeth of the comb nearest to the operator; gently and smoothly draw them forward out of the combs, and transfer them to the tips of the teeth in the second bank of combs, laying them parallel to themselves, straight, and approximately at right angles to the faces of the combs, releasing the gripped ends as near to the face of the front comb as possible. With the depressor grid carefully press the transferred fibers down into the teeth of the combs.Continue the operation until all of the fibers are transferred to the second bank of combs. During this transfer of the fibers, drop the combs of the first bank in succession when and as all of the protruding fibers have been removed. Turn the machine through 180, and transfer the cotton fibers back to the first bank of combs in the manner described in the preceding paragraph. Take great care in evening up the ends of the fibers during both of the above transfers, arranging them as closel y as possible to the front surface of the proximal comb.Such evening out of the ends of the protruding fibers may involve drawing out straggling fibers from both the front and rear aspects of the banks of combs, and re-depositing them into and over the main bundle in the combs. Turn the machine again through 180. Drop successive combs if necessary to expose the ends of the longest fibers. It may be necessary to re-deposit some straggling fibers. With the forceps withdraw the few most protuberant fibers. In this way continue to withdraw successively the remaining protuberant fibers back to the front face of the proximal comb.Drop this comb and repeat the series of operations in the same manner until all of the fibers have been drawn out. In order not to disturb seriously the portion being tested, and thereby vitiate the length fractionation into length groups, make several pulls (as many as 8 to 10) between each pair of combs. Lay the pulls on the velvet-covered plates alongside each other, as straight as possible, with the ends as clearly defined as possible, and with the distal ends arranged in a straight line, pressing them down gently and smoothly with the fiber-depressing smooth plate before releasing the pull from the forceps.Employ not fewer than 50 and not more than 100 pulls to fractionate the test portion. Group together all of the fibers measuring 12. 5 mm (about 1/2 inch) or more in length, and weigh the group to the nearest 0. 3 mg. In the same manner, group together all fibers 6. 25 mm (about 1/4 inch) or less in length, and weigh in the same manner. Finally, group the remaining fibers of intermediate lengths together and weigh. The sum of the three weights does not differ from the initial weight of the test portion by more than 3 mg.Divide the weight of each of the first two groups by the weight of the test portion to obtain the percentage by weight of fiber in the two ranges of length. Geometrical Construction of Comb Sorter Diagram Figure . Geo metrical analysis of comb sorter diagram 1. Q is the mid-point of OA, i. e OQ = ? OA. 2. From Q draw QP? parallel to OB to cut the curve at P?. 3. Drop the perpendicular P? P. 4. Mark off OK equal to ? OP and erect the perpendicular K? K. This is a first a approximation to the effective length. 5. S is the mid-point of K? K 6. From S draw SR? parallel to OB to cut the curve at R?. 7.Drop the perpendicular R? R. 8. Mark off OL equal to ? OR. 9. Erect the perpendicular L? L. This is the effective length. Fibre Length Variation: Even though, the long and short fibres both contribute towards the length irregularity of cotton, the short fibres are particularly responsible for increasing the waste losses, and cause unevenness and reduction in strength in the yarn spun. The relative proportions of short fibres are usually different in cottons having different mean lengths; they may even differ in two cottons having nearly the same mean fibre length, rendering one cotton more irregular than the other.It is therefore important that in addition to the fibre length of a cotton, the degree of irregularity of its length should also be known. Variability is denoted by any one of the following attributes Co-efficient of variation of length (by weight or number) irregularity percentage Dispersion percentage and percentage of short fibres Uniformity ratio Uniformity ratio is defined as the ratio of 50% span length to 2. 5% span length expressed as a percentage. uniformity ration = (50% span length / 2. 5% span length) x 100 uniformity index = (mean length / upper half mean length) x 100 Short Fibres:The negative effects of the presence of a high proportion of short fibres is well known. A high percentage of short fibres is usually associated with, – Increased yarn irregularity and ends dddown which reduce quality and increase processing costs – Increased number of neps and slubs whiiich is detrimental to the yarn appearance – Higher fly liberation and mach ine contttamination in spinning, weaving and knitting operations. – Higher wastage in combing and other oppperations. While the detrimental effects of short fibres have been well established, there is still considerable debate on what constitutes a ‘short fibre'.In the simplest way, short fibres are defined as those fibres which are less than 12 mm long. An estimate of the short fibres was made from the staple diagram obtained in the Baer Sorter method Short fibre content = (RB/OB) x 100References: 1. â€Å"TE05046PhysicalTextileTestingandQualityControl. doc. † Www. most. gov. mm. MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION GOVERNMENT TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGES/INSTITUTES DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING, n. d. Web. ;lt;http://www. most. gov. m/techuni/media/TE05046PhysicalTextileTestingandQualityControl. doc;gt;. 2. Kohli, Nitesh. Fibre Testing. Scribd. com. N. p. , 18 May 2009. Web. ;lt;http://www. scribd. com/doc/15569730/F ibre-Testing;gt;. 3. â€Å"FIBRE TESTING. † Textiletechinfo. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 July 2012. ;lt;http://textiletechinfo. com/spinning/fibretesting. htm;gt;. 4. Tirumalai, Radhakrishna S. â€Å"General Chapters: COTTON. † Http://www. pharmacopeia. cn. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 July 2012. ;lt;http://www. pharmacopeia. cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_c691. html;gt;

Setting Up and Validating Radio Buttons

Setting Up and Validating Radio Buttons The setup and validation of radio buttons appears to be the form field that gives many webmasters the most difficulty in setting up. In actual fact the setup of these fields is the most simple of all form fields to validate as radio buttons set one value that only needs to be tested when the form is submitted. The difficulty with radio buttons is that there are at least two and usually more fields that need to be placed on the form,  related together and tested as one group. Provided that you use the correct naming conventions and layout for your buttons, you will not have any trouble. Setup the Radio Button Group The first thing that to look at when using radio buttons on our form is how the buttons need to be coded in order for them to function properly as radio buttons. The desired behavior we want is to have only one button selected at a time; when one button is selected then any previously selected button will be automatically deselected. The solution here is to give all of the radio buttons within the group the same name but different values. Here is the code used for the  radio button themselves. input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr2 value2 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr3 value3 / The creation of multiple groups of radio buttons for the one form is also straightforward. All you need to do is to provide the second group of radio buttons with a different name to that used for the first group. The name field determines which group that a particular button belongs to. The value that will be passed for a specific group when the form is submitted will be the value of the button within the group that is selected at the time that the form is submitted. Describe Each Button In order for the person filling out the form to understand  what each radio button in our group does, we need to provide descriptions for each button. The simplest way to do this is to provide a description as text immediately following the button. There are a couple of problems  with just using plain text, however: The text may be visually associated with the radio button, but it may not be clear to some who use screen readers, for example.  In most user interfaces using radio buttons, the text associated with the button is clickable and able to select its associated radio button. In our case here, the text will not work in this way unless the text is specifically associated with the button. Associating Text with a Radio Button To associate  the text with its corresponding radio button so that clicking on the text will select that button, we need to make a further addition to the code for each button by surrounding the entire button and its associated text within a label. Here is what the complete HTML for one of the buttons would look like: input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /label forr1 button one/label As the radio button with the id name referred to in the for parameter of the label tag is actually contained within the tag itself, the for and id parameters are redundant in some browsers. Their  browsers, however, are often not smart enough to recognize the nesting, so it is worth putting them in to maximize the number of browsers in which the  code will function. That completes the coding of the radio buttons themselves. The final step is to set up the radio button validation using JavaScript. Setup Radio Button Validation Validation of groups of radio buttons may not be obvious, but it is straightforward once you know how. The following function will validate that one of the radio buttons in a group has been selected: // Radio Button Validation// copyright Stephen Chapman, 15th Nov 2004,14th Sep 2005// you may copy this function but please keep the copyright notice with itfunction valButton(btn) {    var cnt -1;    for (var ibtn.length-1; i -1; i) {          if (btn[i].checked) {cnt i; i -1;}    }    if (cnt -1) return btn[cnt].value;    else return null;} To use the above function, call it from within your form validation routine and pass it the radio button group name.  It will return the value of the button within the group that is selected, or return a null value if no button in the group is selected. For example, here is  the code that will perform the radio button validation: var btn valButton(form.group1);if (btn null) alert(No radio button selected);else alert(Button value btn selected); This code was included into the function called by an onClick event attached to the validate (or submit) button on the form. A reference to the whole form was passed as a parameter into the function, which uses the form argument to refer to the complete form. To validate the radio button group with the name group1 we, therefore, pass form.group1 to the valButton function. All of the radio button groups that you will ever need can be handled using the steps covered above.

The Most Famous Arsonist in Ancient Greece Wanted to Be a Star

The Most Famous Arsonist in Ancient Greece Wanted to Be a Star The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were famous even in antiquity, but not everyone loved gorgeous architectural marvels. Heres a tale of the ancient worlds most infamous arsonist, who burned down one of the greatest buildings of the Mediterranean. The Burning of the Temple The burning of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus  in modern Turkey, which was first built in the sixth century B.C.E., happened on the same day Alexander the Great was born in 356 B.C.E.  According to Plutarch, a guy named Hegesias the Magnesian quipped that Artemis  (Diana for the Romans), goddess of childbirth, among other things, was too busy welcoming the future king of Macedon and much of the Mediterranean into the world to keep an eye on the temple. The Ephesian priests, dubbed the Magi, took the destruction of the temple as a much bigger portent. Looking upon the temples disaster as a sign of further disaster, [they] ran about beating their faces and crying aloud that woe and great calamity for Asia had that day been born. Of course, that danger was baby Alexander, who would  eventually brutally conquer most of Asia. The Ultimate Punishment:  Being Forgotten Forever! The criminal responsible was a man named Herostratus. What made him commit such a heinous act? According to first-century author  Valerius  Maximus: Here is appetite for glory involving sacrilege. A man was found to plan the burning of the temple of Ephesian  Diana so that through the destruction of this most beautiful building his name might be spread through the whole world. This madness he unveiled when put upon the rack. In other  words, after being tortured, Herostratus admitted he torched  the temple for personal fame.  Maximus added, The Ephesians had wisely abolished the memory of the villain by decree, but Theopompus’s eloquent genius included him in his history. Herostratus was the most hated man around...so much so that a   damnatio  (meaning his memory was to be obliterated forever)  was decreed! The second-century C.E. Roman writer Aulus Gellius noted that Herostratus was dubbed inlaudabilis, namely, one who is worthy neither of mention nor remembrance, and  is never to be named. It was decreed that no one should ever mention the name of the man who had burned the temple of Diana at Ephesus.   If Herostratuss name and  memory were banned,  then how do we know about him? Most sources followed the rules and never mentioned his name, but Strabo disagreed. He was the first to break the rules in his Geography, stating the Ephesian temple was set on fire by a certain Herostratus.  The priest Aelian even  associated Herostratus  with atheists and enemies of the gods. After Herostratus did his dastardly deed, the Ephesians didnt hesitate in resurrecting their holy spot. According to Strabo, the citizens constructed one more magnificent. Howd they get the cash for such an extravagant building? Strabo said the tax collectors brought in ornaments of the women, contributions from private property, and the money arising from the sale of pillars of the former temple to pay for a new one. So the temple was even more awesome than before, all thanks to a firebug.

Prison Overcrowding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prison Overcrowding - Research Paper Example Generally, prison overcrowding is not a modern phenomenon because internal insurgencies and wars result in prison overcrowding. But in the modern context, several factors (say, apart from internal insurgencies and wars) force prisons to face the problem of overcrowding. Some people consider that prison overcrowding is deeply rooted in the functioning of the criminal justice system. But some others consider that prison overcrowding reflects the change in governance within the context of the Criminal Justice System. Still, one can see the modern concept of prison privatization curbs the development of the prison system because the government is no longer the protector of the prison system in general. Thesis statement: The research on prison overcrowding proves that the factors like privatization, less capacity of prisons, increase in crime rate, increase in incarceration, ineffective Criminal Justice System, and ineffective planning result in prison overcrowding. First of all, private prisons are entirely different from government prisons because the former is based upon contractual agreements with different government agencies and the latter is under the direct control of the government. This basic difference is exploited by the private prisons because profit (say, based upon the funding from the government) is the ultimate aim. In the beginning, private agencies were allowed to undertake some services related to the prison system like transportation and serving food. During the era of disinvestment, private prisons became popular in the US and UK. Gradually, other developed nations followed this path and private prisons began to flourish in different nations.  

Probation Officers versus Parole Officers Research Paper

Probation Officers versus Parole Officers - Research Paper Example A prisoner may also be allowed a time of freedom (with conditions) at the time of sentencing. The United States and individual state laws provide two options namely probation and parole which allows a period outside prison. It also allows for the provision of officers for close supervision and monitoring of persons let out of prison either on probation or parole. Most people, not associated with law may think that both these terms are similar and exchangeable with each other. But this is not the case. This paper compares the roles and responsibilities of each of these posts and will discuss the similarities and differences in the process. Probation officers vs. parole officers: Many states have both these posts and these officers are playing an invaluable role in helping offenders out of jail on probation and parole. Working with other agencies, they help offenders to integrate into the society while they are out of prison. Basic roles and duties are common across most states even th ough some factors like number of days outside of prison, conditions etc may vary from state to state. The purpose here is to provide a general view of these roles in order to provide an understanding of what a probation and parole officer is expected to do. Meaning of probation and the Roles of probation officers: Probation is a court directive that places an accused under the control, supervision and care of a person so that the offender need not enter a prison to carry out the judgment meted out to him or her subject to certain conditions (Petersilia, 1998, p. 14). The primary role of the probation officer is interacting, helping and supervising the probationer. In order to make the system effective, their roles require them to â€Å"work not only with federal judges and other court professionals, but with U.S. attorneys, defense attorneys, Federal Bureau of Prisons and U.S. Parole Commission officials, state and local law enforcement agents, treatment providers, and community le aders. Officers deliver services that benefit the court, the community, and the offender† (US Trial and Pretrial Office – Western Missouri, n.d.). The quote indicates that the roles required are complex and varied since a large number of agencies are involved. The post was formed after the implementation of the Probation Act of 1925 (US Probation Office, n.d.). Unless otherwise stated, all information given below is sourced from the article on the roles of a probation officer published by the US Probation Office. The first role required by the officer is to conduct a background check of the accused before a final verdict by the court. All factors such as the personal life, background, financial dealing, and previous criminal history of the accused need to be taken into account. The nature of the crime and the events that led to subsequent arrest will also be a part of the investigation. After a logical analysis of information collected, the officer then has to prepare a concise report, stating all relevant facts to the court in which the trial is held. This report will be an additional source of investigative information (apart from what has been presented during the trial) that will assist the judge in arriving at a verdict. As in the case of parole, probation officers also need to provide a supervisory role. The

The Socratic Theory of Recollection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Socratic Theory of Recollection - Essay Example What is education Are there any general objectives for it Are there any universal methods in it Is there such a thing as the typical child upon whom they may be practiced Traditionally, philosophical methods have consisted of analysis and clarification of concepts, arguments, theories, and language. Philosophers, as philosophers, have not usually created theories of education (or teaching, learning, and the like); instead, they have analyzed theories and arguments--sometimes enhancing previous arguments, sometimes raising powerful objections that lead to the revision or abandonment of theories and lines of arguments. (Leon Bailey, 205)However, there are many exceptions to this view of philosophy as analysis and clarification. The classical Greek philosophers, for example, construed philosophy much more broadly and explored a host of questions that later philosophers--more narrowly analytic in their outlook--rejected as outside the scope of philosophy. Indeed, for the Greeks, "philosophy" meant "love of wisdom," and today we think of their discussions as part of an "immortal conversation." Many of us believe that philosophy went too far in rejecting t he eternal questions, and there are signs that philosophers may once again invite their students to join in the immortal conversation. Socrates was one of the philosophers who grounded independent education, stating that both teacher and pupil had equal roles in the process of education. Further we will discuss Socrates' theory of recollection in the view of saying: " "There is no such thing as teaching, and no such thing as learning".Socrates' attitude to knowledge and education was clearly announced in Apology: a life of the former kind is not worth living. Once one recognizes one's ignorance, one must recognize that a life in such a state is not worth living. One must make it one's chief concern to seek out "wisdom, truth, and the best possible state of one's soul." Nevertheless, in the early dialogues, Socrates puts forth no substantive view about how such knowledge is to be acquired, either because he failed to recognize the problem or because he had no solution to it. (Charles J. Brauner, 353-355) His contribution is limited to seeking out those who profess to care about these things, questioning them, examining them, and testing them, learning from them if they know (unfortunately no one he meets does), and persuading them of their ignorance if and when they do not. Socrates had the support of the Delphic oracle (and perhaps even his daimonion) to sustain his faith that this was enough.The teacher, according to Socrates, is the leader of civilization. He must pursue truth even when his contemporaries oppose him. Integrity, above all, is demanded from the schoolmaster. The function of the teacher, according to Socrates, is to awaken the average man. The majority, he felt, is guided by irrational thoughts and lethargy, and lives in a cave of half-truths and illusions. Once the student is stirred, and once he becomes aware, he sees a new meaning in life. He probes and he questions. He is guided by curiosity and takes pleasure in

Semantic Deviation In Pride And Prejudice English Language Essay

Semantic Deviation In Pride And Prejudice English Language Essay Jane Austin was an English novelist. Her books are notable for the wit, social observation and insights into the lives of early 19th century women. She was born in 1775 in Hampshire. She began to write when she was a teenager. Her first novel was Sense and Sensibility which was published in 1811.The second novel she wrote was Pride and Prejudice. This novel became very famous and was appreciated. Her next novel Mansfield Park was published in 1814, and then Emma in 1816.In 1816 Jane became ill due to Addisons disease. She died in Winchester on 18 July 1817. The two novels Persuasion and Northanger Abbey were published after her death. And a final novel was left incomplete. Pride and Prejudice was the most popular novel of Jane Austin. The story of the novel takes place in early nineteenth century. Critics praised Jane Austens characterization and portrayal of everyday life. Human weakness is a prominent element in this novel. Austin made use of irony to expose foolishness and hypocrisy. Dialogue plays an important role in Pride and Prejudice. Each characters speech is appropriate. From the speech it is revealed that what they are like. Elizabeths talk is direct and outspoken, Mr. Bennetts speech is sarcastic, Mr. Collins speeches are very long and boring, Lydias speeches are carefree and not serious. The incidences in Pride and Prejudice can be related to every day life i.e. embarrassments, foolishness, falling in love, realizing own mistakes, etc. Austens works possess a timeless quality, which makes her stories and themes as relevant today as they were two hundred years ago. Deviation means depart from an established course or normal standards. There are many types of deviation like syntactic or grammatical deviation, lexical deviation, graphological deviation, phonological deviation, and semantic deviation. In this research the main focus is on Semantic deviation. Semantic deviation shows that a word or phrase can have many different meanings. A word can be taken in different contexts. The real meaning can be different from apparent meaning. Semantic deviation includes irony, paradox, metaphor, simile, pun, style. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW Dr.Sarala Krishnamurthy examined the lexis of Selman Rushdies Midnight Childrens.The method she applied was both qualitative and quantitative. In this research she worked on the use of neologism, compound words, and borrowing in the novel. According to her examination the most important feature in Rushdies work is the use of neologism. The neologism is identified in two ways : morphological and borrowing. In the novel the Indian words are given affixation, such as Pajamas, phirangis. With these words affixation s is used to convert them into plural form. The second type of neologism used is the Indian suffix are attached to English words, such as cousin ji and sister ji. The suffix ji in Urdu and Hindi is attached to any noun. The third type is when with English root morpheme, Hindi root morpheme is attached, such as: Paan shop, hot channa, Indian fauj. In these words Paan, channa and fauj are Hindi morphemes which are attached to English morphemes. Compound words are also formed by taking words from both the languages. The example of compound words is: dia lamp, where dia is the equivalent of the word lamp. The suffix y is also used with words, such as: shivery, glass cloudy, house wifery. The affixation ed is also used to create neologisms. Rushdie creates many adjectival forms by adding affix ed. The examples are: One eye browed, many headed, etc. The affixation ing is also used, which leads to the formation of compound words, such as: lip jutting, crazy sounding. The notable point is that all the examples given are used for the first time in Midnights Children and this extend the resources of English language. In this novel the compound words are formed in different ways. The ways are unusual collocation, co-joined words, word clusters, and noun phrases. The example of the each way is given below: Unusual collocation: 1. Biriyanis of determination 2. Carrot and stick affair Co-joined words: 1. whatsitsname what is its name 2. Godknowswhat God knows what 3. Talldarkhandsome tall dark handsome Word clusters: 1. they we should 2. patience wait Noun Phrases: 1. two day long procession 2. losing national dice game 3. Going to pot The last thing to be noted in the novel is borrowing. The words are borrowed from Urdu, such as: khansamaa, maulvi saab. The names of Hindu gods are also used, such as: ganesh, hanuman. The names of Hindi dishes, such as: lassi, khichri, ladoo are used in the novel. The names of Indian clothing: dupatta, kurtaa, pajama, are also made part of the novel. Indian expressions and the words of other languages that are spoken in India are also used in the novel. In the end Sarala concludes that these lexis are important because it is lexical deviation and the other reason she gives is that the usage of these words tell the world about the Indian word expressions. Agemo, Oluwatosin Stella examined The stylistic analysis of some selected poems of Wole Soyinka. He mentioned that the writer makes use of unusual word order in the form of Anastrophe and parenthesis. Examples are: In vain your bangles cast charmed circles at my feet (Abiku). Caught I was, foully (Telephone Conversation). This word order interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence, to create emphasis and to capture the attention of the reader. The writer has also made use of word omission, i.e. ellipsis and asyndeton. Examples are: Must I weep for goats and cowries. For palm oil and sprinkled ask? (Abiku) I saw your jealous eye quench the Seas Flourescence, dance on the pulie incessant (Night) This creates shortness of time, emphasis or ambiguity. The scheme of repetition is also used in the poems. Repetition is used deliberately for the sake of emphasis. It helps to grasp the attention of the reader. The lexico-syntactic choices i.e. similie and metaphor are also used in abundance in the poem. These are used to give clearness and liveliness to words. Examples are: Similie: I bear no bear no heart mercuric like the clouds (Night). As lightning shrink to ants antenna (To my first white hairs). Metaphor: Ill be the suppliant snake coiled on the doorstep (Abiku). The comparison is made between two words that are different from each other and they are bond together to create similarity between them. Instances of hyperbole, hypernyms, onomatopoeia, synecdoche, pun, assonance, consonance are also present in the poem. The usage of these schemes and tropes provide musical effect and color to the poems. Graphological deviation is also present in the poem like capitalization, bold print, and spacing. All of these things found out together give effective meaning. To convey the meaning to the reader and to grasp their attention the language used should be meaningful. Soyinka use of language conveys the meaning to the reader that what the poet wants to convey. The stylistical devices help the poet to beautify and give rhythm to the text. By this analysis it is shown that there is a difference between poetic and non-poetic language. Bahaa-Eddin M. Mazid examined A stylistic analysis of Larkins Talking in Bed. According to his analysis the lexical items, with different connotations and denotations, grammatical structures, categories all combine together to produce three main isotopies of the poem i.e. language, love and nature. These items also establish the cohesive chains and the three sub-worlds of the poem- the tenseless, present and past. In the poem an emotional linguistic predicament of a couple is encountered, who cannot communicate and who used to be honest. Now they are unable to speak the truth and to be nice. The thing which is more problematic is that there is no one to help and conjure them. This is the context of the poem, it tells about the interpersonal relation ships. The poem consists of twelve lines. The first stanza consists of two clauses. And the second stanza starts with adverbial clause Lying together. The qualities and attributes associated with human beings are lasting only for a short time than those associated with natural objects and other phenomenon.Talking in bed is a metalinguitic poem. The poem is about the use, misuse and abuse of language. One isotopy that cross cuts the nature and the love isotopies is that of night. Thus, in bed, lying together, dark towns and isolation finds their ideal environment in the night. Night, sex and love are closely related with each other. The intimate style is filled with ellipsis, nonverbal communication and private code characteristics. Human involvement is more obvious in the last two clauses in the poem. In the whole poem the theme is dark, tone is bleak with disappointment. Irony is also the dominant feature of the poem. There is a mismatch between imagination and reality.Talking in bed is as modern as The Wasteland. It is about the agony of alienation, the irony of senseless sex-pillow-talk that cannot be easy and bed partnership that can no longer be honest the loss of faith in communion and the death of true or kind language. The poem is true to its own genre and author. In this the writer does The brief stylistic analysis of The Great Gatsby. The play describes the hollowness of the upper class. It also tells us about that what happened to the American dream. In the play Fitgerald made use of imagination and symbolism to present the moral history of his time.The use of symbolism made his work to connect the objective with the subjective. He starts the novel in the present, narrates the important events of the story. In chapter 4,6 and 7 the writer gradually reveals the story of Gatsbys past. In chapter 9 the past and the present come together. The key to the structure of the novel is the combination of the first person narrative and the revelation of the past gradually. The two devices worked together perfectly. If anyone of these was not used than the meaning will not be delivered clearly. In section 1 of the play abstract nouns and many multi-syllable adjectives are used, such as: riotous (adj.)  ¼Ã…’ excursion (n.) ¼Ã…’privileged (adj.) g limpse (n).The formal words are also used,such as exempt, register. The psychology of Nick is revealed by the use of multi-syllable adjectives. The sentence structure is complex. The internal complex and feelings of Nick are described in three sentences only in the first section of the play. Long but simple sentences are used in the section 2.there is one subjective clause and several coordinate sentences. For example, Miss Baker had mentioned him at dinner and thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The simile is also used in the Great Gatsby. The sentence Her voice is full of money is a metaphor. The purpose of using metaphor is to give readers aesthetic sense. In the end the analyst concludes that the language used in the play is formal. And it appeals to the reader. Dan McIntyre examined The stylistic analysis of E.E.Cummings poem.The title of the poem is listen. The poem is basically about the arrival of the spring and the happiness and joys it brings. On the other hand the poem also seems to be an address to the lover; the poet wants his lover to enjoy with him, the arrival of spring. The themes of spring, nature, sex and man are interred related with each other. The subject matter of the poem is not complex. There are many stylistic features present in the poem. The lexical features of the poem are examined. The poem mostly consists of nouns and verbs. Most of the nouns are concrete and only two are abstract .i.e. dream and miracle. The verbs used create a sense of immediacy. All the verbs which are marked for tense are in the present tense. We have present simple verbs .i.e. barks, present progressive forms .i.e. are [eagerly], tumb/ling, and o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are. The poet also made use of adverb of manner, which conveys a sense of speed. The adverbs used are: (quickly), excitement (crazily, eagerly) and inevitability (irrevocably).Directive verbs are used to address to the other person .i.e. (listen, look, come  (x2),  run  (x2),  jump, shout, laugh, dance, cry, sing). These are used to request the addressee to enjoy the coming of the spring with the poet. For example, in the lines run run/with me now and sing)for its Spring. There is no neologism in the poem but some words are arranged in the poem in strange way. For example the word wonderful is divided in two lines, dividing it into two morphemes .i.e. wonder  and  ful. First the word gives the expression of noun wonder and if it is read again it seems to be the adjective wonderful. The most striking effect in {listen} is the use of deviations. Throughout the poem graphological deviation is present. The poet has deliberately capitalized the words in the middle of the sentence. The last line of the poem is highly fore grounded because all the letters are capitalized. Grammatical deviation is also used in the poem. Punctuations are applied where they are not required. An example would be in lines 12 and 13 o-p-e-n-i-n-g/are(leaves;flowers)dreams. Cummings has break grammatical conventions to convey the simultaneously coming thoughts. Due to which the groups of nouns run together without any punctuation. (E.g. lines 3 to 6 and line 22).the definite and indefinite references are within the same clause. i.e. this a  dog barks. The possible explanation could be that the poet uses this to refer that he is talking about the particular dog and on the other hand he uses a to refer that he is not familiar with the dog. Graphological parallelism is also used by the poet. All the first lines of the next stanza are separated by the above lines by double space. The poem has no rhyme scheme of regularity. There is no strict pattern adopted by the poet. In conclusion Cummings deliberately chooses to use such seemingly odd stylistic techniques in (listen). Stylistic helps the reader to understand the things in the text which are otherwise not understandable easily. Dominique Costa examined A stylistical analysis of Thomas Hardys: The Ruined maid. In the poem the lexical items used belong to variety of languages. The geographical, temporal, social dialects clearly appear in the poem. Terms such as thee, thou used belong to regional dialect. There occurrence is purposeful. Hardy used this device to draw the attention of the reader towards the characteristics of the country people. Expressions like digging potatoes, spudding up docks and barton belong to rural lexis. This enhances the young women social origin. The words like bracelets, dress, gloves which are associated with women are used frequently. Hardy uses expression related to feminity such as my dear, delicate cheek, delicate face. From this it is shown that the theme of woman hood is prevalent in the poem. Conjunctions are also used frequently. The conjunctions such as and, but are significant. The poem is built in parallel structures; two types of parallelism within the sentences are also used. The examples of parallelism are: In The Ruined Maid lexis, cohesion, syntax, sound plays a dominant role. References to the past and present are also constant ion the poem. The setting of the play is temporal. Metin TÄ °MUÇÄ °N examined A stylistic study to explore the language of poems. The goal was to perceive the meaning and understanding the language of the text. The text which is taken into consideration is the poem of Siegfried Sassoon`s The Rear-Guard and Wilfred Owenss Anthem for Doomed Youth. The paper not only focuses on analyzing the text but also argues in favor of exploiting language based approaches in literature. In Sassoons The Rear-Guard the poet uses the poetic language of violence. The poet has himself experienced the violence as a soldier in world war 2.the themes of the poem are violence, and the trenches of the war. On the other hand in the poem of Wilfred Owenss Anthem for Doomed Youth the relations with family, army, poetry and Church are depicted. Sassoon and Owen both deal with the atrocities of the war. In Anthem for Doomed Youth in order to reveal the agonies, violence, silence of a family in mourning, sorrows of the people, Owen makes use of bot h the terms of army and church. In both the poems the words related with war are present i.e. guns, rapid rattle, stuttering rifles. Owen also uses the discourse of the church like: bells, prayers, mourning, choirs, candles, holly glimmers. In Owens poem we have lexical groupings of war and church. The main focus of the analysis was that how the words used convey the meaning to the reader. In The Rear Guard the feelings of a person are described who has himself faced the atrocities of war and he thinks that war is evil and unjust. It destroys the lives of people. In Owens poem Anthem for Doomed Youth the poet by using linguistic devices gives the message and lesson to the world that war should be prohibited. The war is not an enjoyable thing; it destroys the lives of people, homes and countries. Masanori Miyata examined Types of linguistic devices in Oliver Twist. The six types of deviation present in Oliver twist are taken under consideration. The phonological deviation is present in the dialogue of Gamfield, which shows typically substandard or vulgar language. The words of his speech are: acause(because),afore(before),nothink(nothing),etc. Graphological deviation is also part of the novel. The author uses parenthesis within the dialogue to reveal the inner thoughts of the character. For example: Have the goodness to look at me, said Mr.bumble, fixing his eyes upon her. (If she stands such an eye as that, said Mr. Bumble to himself. She can stand anythingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Mr. Bumble, XXXVII, 268) Capital letters and dashes are also used within the dialogue. In the dialogue by Fagin, Fagin retorted Nancy with rage in capital letters. WILL. Neologisms are also invented in the play. i.e. Greenland, merry-go-rounder. Dicken invented special terms like: beadlehood, henpeckery, half-baptized. New compound words are formed by combining two lexical items with hyphens; like: psalm-singers, concept-making, surgeons-friend, and orange-peel. Mr. Bumble add suffixes -er and -est. with adjectives in his dialogues, which normally proceed more and most in Standard English. Examples are: obstinater, ungratefullest, He also uses double superlatives i.e. most bare-facedest. Dickens also uses vague phrase; like: certain soft nothings. Oxymorons are also evident. For example: good unhealthy port, logically contradict but contextually consistent. Paradox like: night so long, and yet so short, are also applied by Dickens. Synecdoche, metaphor, simile all are the part of the play. Dickens ion his novel has used approximately all types of deviations, schemes, tropes and lexical features. Irony is prevalent throughout the novel. In conclusion Dickens creates new words and skillfully manipulates it in his novel. . .. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Question: To analyze the semantic deviation in Jane Austins novel Pride and Prejudice 3.2. Delimitation: The text which is to be analyzed is Pride and Prejudice. It consists of 61 chapters, but the focus will be on first 25 chapters of the novel. The text will be analyzed semantically. The focus will be on semantic deviations used by the writer. The real meaning inherent in the apparent meaning will be focused. 3.3. Theoretical Framework: Stylistics is the study of style of language. It describes the usage of language in speech, written works and public affairs. Deviations are a part of stylistic analysis. Deviation means depart from an established course or normal standards. There are many types of deviation, like semantic, syntactic, graphological, register and grammatical deviation. But the focus in this research is only on semantic deviation. The main points which would be under consideration during semantic analysis of the novel will be irony, metaphor, paradox, pun, style.